Notes on

Habakkuk

2023 Edition

Dr. Thomas L. Constable

Introduction

Title and Writer

The title of the book is the name of its writer. The meaning of Habakkuk's name is questionable. It may come from the Hebrew verb habaq, which means "to fold the hands" or "to embrace." In the latter case, it might mean "one who embraces" or "one who is embraced." Luther thought it signified that Habakkuk embraced his people to comfort and uphold them. Jerome interpreted it to mean that he embraced the problem of divine justice in the world, the subject of the book.[1]

All we know for sure about Habakkuk is that he was a prophet who lived during the pre-exilic period of Israel's history, in the seventh-century B.C. The simple designation, "the prophet" (1:1), with no other identifying description, characterizes only two other writing prophets: Haggai and Zechariah. So Habakkuk is the only book so designated among the pre-exilic Prophets. The content of the book, which includes wisdom literature and a psalm of praise, indicates that Habakkuk was a poet as well as a prophet. He has been called "the freethinker among the prophets."[2]

The New Testament writers told us nothing about Habakkuk. There are traditions about who he was that have little basis in fact but are interesting nonetheless. Since the last verse of the book gives a musical notation similar to some psalms, some students concluded that he was a musician and possibly a Levite.[3]

"The precise relationship of the prophets with the temple is one of the most debated elements in Old Testament study."[4]

The Septuagint contains an addition to the Book of Daniel: the apocryphal Bel and the Dragon, which mentions Habakkuk in its title as "the son of Jeshua of the tribe of Levi."[5] It records a legend about Habakkuk that is pure fantasy: Supposedly an angel commanded Habakkuk to take a meal to Daniel, who was in the lions' den a second time. When the prophet complained that he did not know where the den was, the angel picked him up by a lock of his hair and carried him to the spot (Bel vv. 33-39).

According to rabbinic sources, Habakkuk was the son of the Shunammite woman whom Elisha restored to life (2 Kings 4). The basis for this theory is that Elisha's servant told the woman that she would "embrace" a son (2 Kings 4:16), and Habakkuk's name is similar to the Hebrew word translated "embrace."

Unity

The major challenge to the unity of the book has come from liberal scholars who view psalmic material such as chapter 3 as postexilic. The commentary on Habakkuk found at Qumran does not expound this psalm. However, the continuity of theme that continues through the whole book, plus the absence of any compelling reasons to reject chapter 3, argue for the book's unity.[6]

Date

References in the book help us date it approximately, but they make it impossible to be precise or dogmatic. The LORD (Yahweh) told Habakkuk that He was raising up the Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians), the fierce and impetuous people who were already marching throughout the whole earth, and that they would expand their territory even farther (1:6). The first of the Neo-Babylonian kings was Nabopolassar (627-605 B.C.). This reference points to a time before 605 B.C., when Babylon defeated the united forces of Egypt and Assyria at the battle of Carchemish, and became the major power in the ancient Near East. It may even point to a time before 612 B.C. when the Babylonians (with the Medes and Scythians) destroyed Nineveh.

However, other references in the book, which describe conditions in Judah and the ancient Near East, support a date between 608 and 605 B.C. (cf. 1:7-11).[7] The background to Habakkuk is the decline of the Judean kingdom that began with the death of King Josiah in 609 B.C. Leon Wood dated this book at about 605 B.C.[8] King Jehoiakim ruled Judah from 609 to 598 B.C., so it was apparently during his reign that Habakkuk prophesied (cf. 2 Kings 23:36—24:7; 2 Chron. 36:5-8). This is the opinion of most evangelical scholars.[9] George Robinson believed that the book was written in 603 B.C.[10] J. Sidlow Baxter and Frank E. Gaebelein believe that Habakkuk wrote it about 600 B.C."[11] Richard Patterson favored a date of composition about 655-650 B.C., during Manasseh's reign.[12] Pusey dated the book in the latter half of Manasseh's reign or the first half of Josiah's reign (c. 660-620 B.C.).[13] E. M. Blaiklock estimated that Habakkuk was born about 630 B.C.[14]

"On the one hand, Habakkuk announced the Babylonians' rise to prominence as if it would be a surprise (1:5-6). … On the other hand, the prophecy seems to assume the Babylonians had already built a reputation as an imperialistic power (see 1:6-11, 15-17; 2:5-17). … Perhaps the best way to resolve the problem is to understand the book as a collection of messages from different periods in the prophet's career."[15]

Another writer believed that some of the oracles date from before 605 B.C., while others came after 597 B.C., and that the final form of the book reflects Habakkuk's post-597 B.C. perspective.[16] Ralph Smith believed Habakkuk wrote slightly after Nahum.[17] In summary, while it seems impossible to nail down the precise dates of Habakkuk's ministry, it seems that he ministered several years before Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.

Place of Composition

Since the Chaldeans were on the rise when Habakkuk prophesied, the prophet must have lived in Judah. The Northern Kingdom of Israel had passed out of existence in 722 B.C. with the Assyrian invasion. Thus Habakkuk was a prophet of the Southern Kingdom who lived in times of increasing degeneracy, vunerability, and fear.

Audience and Purpose

The people to whom Habakkuk ministered were Judeans who apparently lived under the reign of King Jehoiakim. During his reign the Israelites were looking for help in the wrong places: Egypt and Assyria, in view of growing Babylonian power. They should have been looking to the LORD primarily, and their failure to do so was one of the burdens of Jeremiah, Habakkuk's contemporary.

"Jeremiah and Habakkuk were contemporaries: Jeremiah taught that wickedness in God's own people is doomed; Habakkuk, that wickedness in the Chaldeans, also, is doomed. Tyranny always carries within it the seeds of its own destruction."[18]

Habakkuk's concerns were more philosophical than Jeremiah's, however. What disturbed him was that the sovereign LORD was not responding to Habakkuk's evil generation and its internal injustices. He voiced his concern to Yahweh in prayer (1:2-4). The LORD replied that He was working. He was raising up a nation that would punish His people for their covenant unfaithfulness (1:5-11). This raised another problem for Habakkuk, which he also took to the LORD in prayer: How could He use a more wicked nation than Judah to punish God's chosen people (1:12—2:1)? The LORD explained that He would eventually punish the Babylonians for their wickedness too (2:2-20). The final chapter is a hymn of praise extolling Yahweh for His wise ways. The purpose of the book, then, was to vindicate the justice of God so God's people would have hope and encouragement.

"His main subject is, that which occupied Asaph in the 73d Psalm, the afflictions of the righteous amid the prosperity of the wicked. The answer is the same; the result of all will be one great reversal, the evil drawing upon themselves evil, God crowning the patient waiting of the righteous in still submission to His holy Will."[19]

"Of the twelve minor prophets none wrestled more earnestly with the problem of evil in a disordered society than Habakkuk."[20]

"What are godly people to do when the moral and spiritual fabric of their nation is being ripped apart and the political and social structures are disintegrating? This is the disturbing problem addressed by the prophet Habakkuk."[21]

"Until the day God avenges the Babylonians and restores Jerusalem, the just live by faith (Hab. 2:1-4), waiting with confidence for the fulfillment of I AM's unfailing promise that the wicked will be destroyed (2:5-19) and his legitimate claim to the whole world will be universally acknowledged (3:1-16)."[22]

Literary form

This book employs a variety of literary forms.[23] The first part of the book contains a dialogue between Habakkuk and his God that alternates between lament and divine pronouncement (1:2—2:5). The second part is a taunt or mocking song that the prophet put in the mouths of the nations that had suffered under Babylon's oppression. It consists of five "woes" (2:6-20). The third part is a psalm, complete with musical directions (ch. 3).

"This book is the personal experience of the prophet told in poetry, as Jonah's was told in prose."[24]

Distinctive features

"Habakkuk is a unique book. Unlike other prophets who declared God's message to people this prophet dialogued with God about people. Most Old Testament prophets proclaimed divine judgment. Habakkuk pleaded for divine judgment. In contrast with the typical indictment, this little book records an intriguing interchange between a perplexed prophet and his Maker."[25]

"In fact the entire structure and thought of the book is built around the dialogue between Habakkuk and God."[26]

"Again, unlike the other prophets, he [Habakkuk] is not concerned so much with delivering a message as with solving a problem—a problem which vexed his own sensitive soul relating to Jehovah's government of the nations."[27]

"The prophet asked some of the most penetrating questions in all literature, and the answers are basic to a proper view of God and his relation to history. If God's initial response sounded the death knell for any strictly nationalistic covenant theology of Judah, his second reply outlined in a positive sense the fact that all history was hastening to a conclusion that was [as] certain as it was satisfying. In the interim, while history is still awaiting its conclusion (and Habakkuk was not told when the end would come, apparently for him prefigured by Babylon's destruction), the righteous ones are to live by faith. The faith prescribed—or 'faithfulness,' as many have argued that 'emunah should be translated—is still called for as a basic response to the unanswered questions in today's universe; and it is this, a theology for life both then and now, that stands as Habakkuk's most basic contribution."[28]

"Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah have a great deal in common. Each one gives a different facet of the dealings of God with mankind. They show how the government of God is integrated into the government of men. They also show God's dealings with the individual."[29]

"If Zephaniah stressed humility and poverty of spirit as prerequisites for entering into the benefits of the company of the believing, Habakkuk demanded faith as the most indispensable prerequisite. But these are all part of the same picture. Whereas Zephaniah stressed Judah's idolatry and religious syncretism, Habakkuk was alarmed by the increase of lawlessness, injustice, wickedness, and rebellion."[30]

"Of the enemies which afflicted the covenant people long ago, three were outstanding—the Edomites, the Assyrians, and the Chaldeans, or Babylonians. It was given to three of the Hebrew prophets specially to pronounce the doom of these three powers. The prophecy of Obadiah sealed the fate of Edom. The prophecy of Nahum tolled the knell over Assyria. The prophecy of Habakkuk dug the grave of Babylon."[31]

Outline

I.       Heading 1:1

II.       Habakkuk's questions and Yahweh's answers 1:2—2:20

A.      Habakkuk's question about Judah 1:2-4

B.      Yahweh's answer about Judah 1:5-11

C.      Habakkuk's question about Babylonia 1:12-17

D.      Yahweh's answer about Babylonia ch. 2

1.      The introduction to the answer 2:1-3

2.      The LORD's indictment of Babylon 2:4-5

3.      The LORD's sentence on Babylon 2:6-20

III.      Habakkuk's hymn in praise of Yahweh ch. 3

A.      The introduction to the hymn 3:1

B.      The prayer for revival 3:2

C.      The vision of God 3:3-15

1.      Yahweh's awesome appearance 3:3-7

2.      Yahweh's angry actions 3:8-15

D.      The commitment of faith 3:16-19a

E.      The concluding musical notation 3:19b

Message

Habakkuk is unusual among the prophetical books in that it tells a story. In this it is similar to Jonah, which is also the record of a prophet's experience. Jonah gives the account of a prophet's failure to sympathize with God. Habakkuk gives the account of a prophet's failure to understand God. Jonah deals with a problem posed by Nineveh, and Habakkuk deals with a problem posed by Babylon. Habakkuk, like Jonah, also records one major event in the life of the prophet. Most of the other prophetic books record the messages and activities of a prophet over an extended period of years. Habakkuk does contain prophecies, so it is like the other prophetic books in this respect.

The key verse in the book is 2:4: "Behold, as for the impudent one, His soul is not right within him; But the righteous one will live by his faith."[32] This verse suggests the difficulty that Habakkuk faced, and it contains his declaration following his struggle with faith.

Habakkuk is a book in which a man: the prophet, asked questions and received answers. Note, for example, 1:2, which voices the prophet's initial question. Then 3:19 gives his final affirmation, after having received answers. The contrast between these verses is startling. It is a contrast between a wail of despair and a shout of confidence.

"From the affirmation of faith's agnosticism we come to the affirmation of agnosticism's faith."[33]

This is the story of Habakkuk. At the beginning, we hear a believer questioning God. The prophet's problem was why God was not doing what He promised to do, specifically: why was He not delivering His people from the violence with which the Babylonians were threatening them. Every believer faces the same problem sooner or later. Circumstances challenge the promises of God, and we wonder why God does not do something about the situation. Habakkuk wondered how God could use an even more wicked nation—Babylon—to discipline the wicked Judahites.

The key verse, 2:4, is similar to the constricted part of an hourglass: Everything that precedes it leads up to it, and everything that follows it results from it. It is like a doorway through which everything in the book passes. This verse contains two contrasting viewpoints on all of life: First, we have a swollen, proud, conceited person. Second, we have a person who is full of faith. The first is full of himself or herself, and the second is full of God. The difference is in attitude: great confidence in self, or great confidence in God. In both cases, we have something hidden and something displayed.

In the case of the proud, his soul or inner man is not straight or right within him. It is not upright or level, but crooked or twisted. His is an unnatural condition. While his inner, hidden condition is crookedness of soul, his outer, manifest condition is conceit or pride. He is wrapped up in himself, and being wrapped up in himself, he is wrapped up in a ball, so to speak—all twisted up on the inside. It is interesting that the verse says nothing about the outcome of the proud. We only have a description of him as swollen and twisted.

In the case of the righteous, his soul is right within him. His inner, hidden condition is straight. His outward manifestation of that condition is trust in God. It is interesting, in passing, that there is only one straightness, but there are many kinds of crookedness, perversity. If I asked a group of people to imagine a straight stick, everyone would visualize a stick that is free of any bends or curves. But if I asked them to imagine a crooked stick, everyone would visualize a different shape of crookedness. A crooked stick may be crooked in a hundred different ways, but there is only one way that a straight stick can be straight. Goodness is basically simple, but evil is exceedingly complex. Goodness looks only one way, but evil can take many different forms and shapes.

The central affirmation of Habakkuk is the last part of 2:4: "the righteous one will live by his faith." There are three key words in this affirmation: righteous, live, and faith. It is interesting that in the three places where this verse is quoted in the New Testament, in each case a different word receives the emphasis.

In Romans 1:17, the emphasis is on "righteous." Paul's concern in Romans was with the righteousness of God and how people can obtain it. In Hebrews 10:38, the emphasis is on "live." The writer to the Hebrews stressed the importance of living by faith as a way of life, and not turning back to Judaism and living by the Mosaic Law. And in Galatians 3:11, the emphasis is on "faith." Paul contrasted salvation by works and salvation by faith in Galatians. Thus, we can see that this statement is packed with meaning. In fact, many Bible students believe that this verse expresses the central theme of the entire Bible. It has been called the John 3:16 of the Old Testament.

Now let us relate this to what Habakkuk saw that created a problem of faith for him. He saw the proud flourishing. He saw crookedness all around him in a hundred different forms of evil. He also saw the righteous, who were trusting in God, oppressed, threatened, and persecuted. Specifically, he saw the proud Babylonians, who did not acknowledge Yahweh, gaining more and more power. They appeared to be the ones truly alive. He saw the people of God, who were trusting in Yahweh, losing more and more power. They appeared to be headed for certain death and possibly extinction. And, most disturbing of all, Habakkuk saw God doing nothing.

In the hour of his crisis of faith, God spoke to the prophet and gave him the great truth of 2:4. Faith is the principle that leads to life, in spite of all appearances, and pride is destructive, in spite of all appearances. Godless people and their plans seem so strong and invincible. Their enterprises, which are often in rebellion against God, seem so inevitable to succeed. Nevertheless, the one whom God regards as righteous, because of his or her trust in Him, will live on.

What is God doing? He is causing things to work out in harmony with the principle set forth in 2:4—in spite of appearances. The Sovereign of the Universe, who often takes centuries to work out His plans—when we want Him to do it in years, if not months—holds everything in His grasp. He will fulfill His promises. He will reward faith. He will destroy the crooked and the proud.

The last part of the book, which follows 2:4, helps us to see the outcome of believing God's revelation in 2:4. Habakkuk reviewed many of the crooked manifestations of evil and announced the final destruction of them all. He also viewed the history of the Israelites as a testimony to the truth of the book's central affirmation, and he trembled as he projected forward what God had done in the past, to what He would do to the Chaldeans. The prophet, who started out thinking that God was doing nothing, ended by praying that Yahweh would remember mercy, when He poured out His wrath. He, who thought God had forgotten about the faithful, broke out into a song of praise as he realized that he could continue to trust God, in spite of appearances.

Habakkuk does not end with a wail, but with a song. It does not end with inquiry, but with affirmation. It does not end with frustration, but with faith: 3:17-18.

There are several lessons of timeless importance that Habakkuk teaches its readers:

One abiding lesson of this book is that people of faith sometimes have trouble continuing to trust God. If we look at what is happening in our world, we may come up with the same questions Habakkuk voiced at the beginning of this book. But if we continue to listen to the Word of God, we can have peace in our hearts and songs on our lips, while we wait for God to reward the righteous with life for their faith. This principle is true on two levels: justification and sanctification.

The only way to obtain a proper legal standing before God (justification) is by trusting Him. And the only way to continue to live in that righteous standing before God (progressive sanctification) is to continue to trust Him, in spite of appearances. We can do so because God has established a flawless record of faithfulness to His promises, and the Bible is the record of that faithfulness. Thus, we must live in the light of Scripture, rather than in the light of experience. God's promises and covenants are a better indication of reality than circumstances.

We also need to be careful that we do not fall into the category of the proud, who are wrapped up in themselves. We, too, quickly look to the proud of this world, who do not bow before God, for explanations. Rather, we should express our own righteousness by continuing to trust in God, in spite of appearances. Today, scientific explanations attract more faith than the simple statements of Scripture. Where will our trust be? We dare not join the ranks of the twisted and scoffing mockers whose end is not life but destruction. It is interesting that now some of the so-called "assured facts" of science are being called into question by scientists themselves.

Notice, too, how Habakkuk handled his questions. He could have set up a schedule of speaking engagements all over Judah to point out how inconsistent God was in His governance of human affairs. Fortunately, instead, he took his questions to God in prayer. God responded by giving him answers. The revelation of God came to Habakkuk. The prophet listened to the Word of God. We can say anything to God in prayer. The best place to take our questions is to God in prayer. And the best place to find answers from God is in His Word. Some people say that God does not speak as He spoke in days gone by. It is truer to say that people do not listen to God as they did in days gone by. Living by faith means becoming people of prayer and the Word of God.

Furthermore, the inner attitude always manifests itself in outward action. This is true whether the inner attitude is pride or faith. What is our outward activity betraying about our inner attitude? Are we really trusting man or God? Where do we turn first for answers? Scripture, or other "authorities"?

In 2:3, God said, "Though it [the vision, God's explanation] delays, wait for it; For it will certainly come." Part of being people of faith is that we wait for explanations, verbal or experiential, that will only come in the future. Someone has wisely said that Christians are people who do not live by explanations but by promises.[34] We must be content with God's promise that one day we will understand what is now obscure.

How God will bring His will to pass is a mystery—in large measure. We only have the outlines of His actions in prophecy, though we have some remarkably specific details revealed here and there. Nevertheless for the most part, we must be willing to wait. The promise of God is life for those who continue to wait on God. Waiting is the hardest work of all, but like Habakkuk, we will be able to sing as we wait if we keep talking to God and listening to God.[35]

Exposition

I.      Heading 1:1

The writer described this book as a "pronouncement" that Habakkuk the prophet saw in a vision or dream. This burden (Heb. massa', something lifted up), which the LORD laid on Habakkuk, was a message predicting judgment on Judah and Babylon.

"Habakkuk's prophecy possesses a burdensome dimension from start to finish."[36]

We know nothing more about Habakkuk with certainty than that he was a true prophet of the LORD who also had the ability to write poetry (ch. 3).

"Like Haggai and Zechariah in the books that bear their names (Hag. 1:1; Zech. 1:1) Habakkuk is called the prophet. This may mean that Habakkuk was a professional prophet on the temple staff …"[37]

These temple prophets led the people in worshipping God (cf. 1 Chron. 25:1).[38]

"One of the functions of temple prophets was to give responses to worshipers who came seeking divine guidance: when the problem was stated, the prophet inquired of God and obtained an answer."[39]

This did not always involve receiving a new revelation from God. Probably in most cases it involved relaying what God had already revealed.

"Habakkuk may rather have added it [the title "the prophet"] to his name, because prominently he expostulates with God like the Psalmists, and does not speak in the name of God to the people."[40]

II.     Habakkuk's questions and Yahweh's answers 1:2—2:20

The prophet asked Yahweh two questions and received two answers.

"Whereas former prophets had declared the certainties of God to man, Habakkuk began asking questions of God on behalf of man."[41]

A.     Habakkuk's question about Judah 1:2-4

This section is a lament and is similar to many psalms of lament (e.g., Ps. 6:3; 10:1-13; 13:1-4; 22:1-21; 74:1-11; 80:4; 88; 89:46; cf. Jer. 12:4; Zech. 1:12).

"This little book opens in gloom and closes in glory. It begins with a question mark and closes with an exclamation point."[42]

1:2             While in prayer, the prophet asked Yahweh "how long" would he have to keep calling for help before the LORD responded (cf. 2:6; Exod. 16:28; Num. 14:11).[43] God hears all prayers because He is omniscient, but Habakkuk complained that God had not given evidence of hearing by responding to his prayer. He had cried out to the LORD reminding Him of the violence that he observed in Judah, but the LORD had not provided deliverance (cf. Gen. 6:11, 13; Job 19:7).

"… he [Habakkuk] was a kind of Job of the prophets; like the afflicted patriarch, he wrestled with the hard problem of permitted evil, and also like Job he found peace through an overwhelming vision of the greatness of the Lord."[44]

Normally, where justice (Heb. mishpat) and violence (hamas) are in opposition in the Old Testament, as here, the wicked are the Israelites—unless they are clearly identified as being others (e.g., Exod. 23:1-9; Isa. 5:7-15). God had seemingly not heard, and He certainly had not helped the prophet.

"Not hearing is equivalent to not helping."[45]

"… he [Habakkuk] told his honest doubt to God, and not to any mere human 'brains trust.' If we would only do that instead of sighing abroad our doubts on human ears, what unrest we would escape!"[46]

1:3             Habakkuk wanted to know why Yahweh allowed the disaster and destitution—that he had to observe every day—to continue in Judah. Devastation, violence, strife, and contention were not only common, but they were increasing. Yet Yahweh did nothing about the situation.

"Violence" (Heb. hamas) occurs six times in Habakkuk (1:2, 3, 9; 2:8, 17 [twice]), an unusually large number of times for such a short book. The Hebrew word means more than just physical brutality. It refers to flagrant violation of moral law by which someone injures his fellowman (e.g., Gen. 6:11). It is any ethical wrong, and physical violence is only one manifestation of it. By piling up synonyms for injustice, Habakkuk stressed the severity of the oppression that existed in Judah.

"This is not an instance of the earthen vessel finding fault with the potter who made it—an attitude rebuked by Isaiah and Paul. It is to the one who answers back in unbelief that Paul says, 'Who indeed are you … to argue with God?' (Rom. 9:20). But there are others who answer back in faith; their words, when they do so, are the expression of their loyalty to God."[47]

"The present-day evangelical ministry needs to declare itself more boldly against injustice; it should be free to exercise this God-given obligation without being criticized for preaching merely a social gospel. Proclaiming the gospel is not incompatible with responsible exercise of the prophetic ministry."[48]

1:4             Since God had not yet intervened to stem the tide of evil, as He had threatened to do in the Mosaic Law, the Judeans were ignoring His law. They did not practice justice in their courts, the wicked dominated the righteous, and the powerful perverted justice. These conditions were common in Judah.

"When magistrates permit murder, theft, fornication and the like to go unchecked and unpunished, God calls the whole nation to accounting. The unpunished crimes pollute the land, becoming a growing mortgage against all, upon which God may finally foreclose, driving some inhabitants away, destroying others and permitting different peoples to dwell in the land."[49]

It is clear from the LORD's reply that follows, that others in the nation beside Habakkuk were praying these prayers and asking these questions. The prophet spoke for the godly remnant in Judah as well as for himself.

B.     Yahweh's answer about Judah 1:5-11

Though God had not responded to the prophet's questions previously, He did eventually, and Habakkuk recorded His answer. The form of this revelation is an oracle (a divine pronouncement).

"The hoped-for response to a lament (cf. 1:2-4) would be an oracle of salvation, but here the response is an oracle of judgment."[50]

1:5             The LORD told Habakkuk and his people (plural "you" in Hebrew) to direct their attention away from what was happening in Judah, to what was happening in the larger arena of ancient Near Eastern activity. They were to observe something there that would astonish them and make them marvel. They would see that God was doing something in their days that they would not believe—even if someone had just told them about it.

"The Apostle Paul, quoting from the LXX [Septuagint translation] on this verse, applies the principle of God's dealings in Habakkuk's day to the situation in the church in his own day (Acts 13:41). No doubt God's work of calling the Gentiles into his church would be just as astonishing as his work of using the Babylonian armies to punish Judah."[51]

"Today the world asks, 'Why doesn't God do something about sin?' My friend, God has done something about it! Over nineteen hundred years ago He gave His Son to die. He intruded into the affairs of the world. And He says that He is going to intrude again in the affairs of the world—yet today the world goes merrily along picking daisies and having a good time in sin. But God is moving."[52]

1:6             The LORD urged the prophet and his people to see that He was in the process of raising up the Chaldeans as a force and power in their world. The name Chaldeans derives from the ruling class that lived in southern Mesopotamia and took leadership in the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The last and greatest dynasty to rule Babylon was of Chaldean origin. Thus "Chaldean" was almost a synonym for "Babylonian." The Chaldeans were Semites, descendants of Kesed, the son of Abraham's brother Nahor (Gen. 22:22). Some modern Iraqis, especially those from southern Iraq, still identify themselves as Chaldeans.

The Neo-Babylonian Empire began its rise to world domination with the accession of Nabopolassar to the throne of Babylon in 626 B.C. This aggressive king stimulated the Babylonians into becoming a ruthless and impetuous nation that—by Habakkuk's time—had already marched throughout the ancient Near East and conquered several neighboring nations (cf. Ezek. 28:7; 30:11; 31:12; 32:12). Babylonia, God revealed, would be the rod of God's punishment of Judah, as Assyria had been His instrument of judgment of Israel.

"The seventh-century prophets depicted the Lord as the sovereign ruler over the nations."[53]

1:7             Many nations dreaded and feared the Babylonians, who were a law unto themselves. They lived by rules that they made up, rather than those that were customary at the time. Similarly, the Third Reich called error "truth," and right "wrong," to suit its own purposes.

"If God's people refuse to fear him, they will ultimately be compelled to fear those less worthy of fear (cf. Deut 28:47-48; [sic] 58-68; Jer 5:15-22)."[54]

The Jews of Habakkuk's day did not believe that God would allow the Gentiles to overrun their nation (cf. Jer. 5:12; 6:14; 7:1-34; 8:11; Lam. 4:12; Amos 6). Yet their law and their prophets warned them that this could happen (cf. Deut. 28:49-50; 1 Kings 11:14, 23; Jer. 4; 5:14-17; 6:22-30; Amos 6:14).

1:8             The military armaments of the Babylonians were state of the art. Their horses, which were major implements of war in the ancient world, were the swiftest—faster even than leopards (hyperbole?), one of the fastest animals in the cat family.[55] The Babylonians were more eager to attack their enemies than wolves (cf. Jer. 5:6). Their mounted soldiers swooped down on their enemies, as fast and unsuspected as an eagle (or vulture), diving from the sky to devour a small animal on the ground (cf. Deut. 28:49; Jer. 5:17; Lam. 4:19). All three of these animals—that God used for comparison with the Babylonians—were excellent hunters, fast, and fierce.

1:9             The Babylonians loved violence. The faces of their warriors showed their love for battle, as they moved irresistibly forward in conquest. They were as effective at collecting captives from other countries as the sirocco (hot desert) winds from the East were at driving sand before them (cf. Jer. 18:17; Ezek. 17:10; 19:12; Jon. 4:8). This enemy was advancing like a whirlwind, and gathering captives as innumerable as the grains of sand.

1:10           The kings and rulers of the lands that the Babylonians overran were no threat to them. They laughed at them and their fortified cities in contempt (cf. 2 Kings 25:7). They heaped up dirt to capture fortifications. They did not need special machines, but used whatever materials they found, with which to build siege ramps to conquer these cities (cf. 2 Sam. 20:15; 2 Kings 19:32; Ezek. 4:2; 21:22; 26:8-9).[56]

1:11           The Babylonians would sweep through the ancient Near East like the wind, and pass on from one doomed nation to the next. Yet Yahweh promised to hold them guilty, because they worshipped power—as their god—instead of the true God. This is the reason God would judge them.

"Had Habakkuk listened as carefully to the last line of God's answer as he did to the extended description of Judah's chastiser, he might have avoided the second perplexity that gripped his soul, the report of which is contained in the verses that follow (1:12—2:1)."[57]

God may seem to be strangely silent and inactive in threatening circumstances. He sometimes gives unexpected answers to our prayers. And He sometimes uses unlikely instruments to correct His people.[58]

"The central idea of the book is the silence of God in the light of the sins of nations."[59]

C.     Habakkuk's question about Babylonia 1:12-17

This section is another lament (cf. 1:2-4). It expresses the problem of excessive punishment.

1:12           Power was not Habakkuk's god; Yahweh was. The LORD's revelation of what He was doing in the prophet's day brought confidence to his heart and praise to his lips. With a rhetorical question, Habakkuk affirmed his belief that Yahweh, his God, the Holy One, was from everlasting (or antiquity). The implication is that Yahweh is the only true God, and that history was unfolding as it was because the God who created history was in charge of events (i.e., sovereign).

Habakkuk believed that the Judeans would not perish completely (cf. 2:1), because God had promised to preserve them forever (Gen. 17:2-8; 26:3-5; 28:13-15; Exod. 3:3-15; 14:1-6; Deut. 7:6; 14:1-2; 26:16-18; 2 Sam. 7:12-29). The prophet, furthermore, now understood that Yahweh had appointed the Babylonians to judge the sinful Judeans. The God who had been a Rock of security and safety for His people, throughout their history, had raised up this enemy to correct His people—not to annihilate them (cf. Deut. 32:4, 15, 18, 37).

"My friend, if you believe the Bible, you will see that God's method is to use a sinful nation to judge a people who are less sinful."[60]

1:13           Because Yahweh was the Holy One (v. 12), Habakkuk knew that He was too pure to look approvingly at evil, nor could He favor wickedness. This was a basic tenet of Israel's faith (cf. Ps. 5:4; 34:16, 21). But this raised another, more serious, problem in the prophet's mind: Why did the LORD then look approvingly on the treachery of the Babylonians? Why did He not reprove them and restrain them when the Babylonians slaughtered people who were more righteous than they were? Why did the godly remnant in Judah have to suffer with their ungodly Judean neighbors?

The prophet's first question (vv. 2-4) arose out of an apparent inconsistency between God's actions and His character. He was a just God, but He was allowing sin in His people to go unpunished. His second question arose out of the same apparent inconsistency. Yahweh was a just God, but He was allowing terrible sinners to succeed and even permitted them to punish less serious sinners. These questions evidenced perplexed faith rather than weak faith. Clearly Habakkuk had strong faith in God, but how God was exercising His sovereignty baffled him.

"… Habakkuk takes his place beside many others, such as Job (Job 7:16-21; 9:21-24; 12:4-6; 21:1-16, 21-25; 27:1-12), the psalmist Asaph (Ps. 73), Jeremiah (Jer. 11:18-19; 12:1-4; 15:15-18; 17:15-18; 20:7-18), and Malachi (Mal. 2:17), who questioned God as to His fairness in handling the problems of evil and injustice."[61]

"It is one thing to face the problems that confront everyone who believes in a good and omnipotent God and ask why things are so, or how they can be so. It is something quite different to question the Divine goodness or justice, or the very existence of God, simply because one cannot answer these questions."[62]

1:14           Habakkuk asked the LORD why He had made people like fish and other sea creatures that apparently have no ruler over them who restrains them.

"This statement probably represents the prophet's most pointed accusation against the Almighty. In recognizing the sovereignty of God among the nations, he must conclude that God himself is ultimately behind this massive maltreatment of humanity."[63]

Big fish eat little fish, and bigger fish eat the big fish. The same thing was happening in Habakkuk's world. Babylon was gobbling up the smaller nations, and Yahweh was not intervening to establish justice.

1:15-16      Babylon was like a fisherman, who took other nations captive with a hook and a net, and rejoiced over his good catch. Earlier the prophet compared the Babylonians to hunters (v. 8). Babylonian monuments depict the Chaldeans as having driven a hook through the lower lip of their captives and stringing them single file, like fish on a line.[64] This was an Assyrian practice that the Babylonians continued.

In another Babylonian relief sculpture, the Chaldeans pictured their major gods dragging a net in which their captured enemies squirmed.[65] The Babylonians even worshipped and gave credit to the tools they used to make their impressive conquests, rather than crediting Yahweh (cf. v. 11). They had as little regard for human life as fishermen have for fish. That God would allow this to continue seemed blatantly unjust to Habakkuk.

"Idolatry is not limited to those who bring sacrifices or burn incense to inanimate objects. People of position, power, and prosperity often pay homage to the business or agency that provided them their coveted status. It becomes their constant obsession, even their 'god.'"[66]

1:17           Habakkuk finished his question by asking the LORD if the Babylonians would continue to carry on their evil practices without sparing anyone. Yahweh's policy of not interfering with Babylon's wickedness baffled Habakkuk more than His policy of not interfering with Judah's wickedness. It was Yahweh's use of a nation that practiced such excessive violence to judge the sins of His people that Habakkuk could not understand.

"It is what has perplexed more [people] than Habakkuk—the toleration and use of the wicked to further the counsels of God."[67]

"It was the same kind of problem which some of ourselves felt when Hitler wrought such havoc in Europe, struck France, bleeding, to the ground, and even seemed likely to wreak his evil will on Britain. We could understand that Britain, with other peoples, was being punished for her godless ways; but why should it be by the Nazis, the most brutal, immoral, and anti-Christian horde on earth?"[68]

"God can use some very sinful people to cause believers to suffer. This allows learning to take place in two ways: first, learning to stop doing one's own sinful actions; second, realizing that what the evil agent of suffering is doing is not right either."[69]

D.     Yahweh's answer about Babylon ch. 2

The LORD gave Habakkuk a full answer to his question about using Babylon to judge the Israelites.

1.     The introduction to the answer 2:1-3

2:1             Habakkuk compared himself to a sentinel on a city wall who was watching the horizon for the approach of a horseman. Standing describes the posture of a servant awaiting his master.[70] The figure of a watchman, to describe a prophet, is common in the Old Testament (cf. Isa. 21:8, 11; Jer. 6:17; Ezek. 3:17; 33:2-3; Hos. 9:8). The prophet/watchman could see, by God's enabling, things beyond the sight of other mortals.

Habakkuk purposed to watch and wait expectantly for the LORD to reply to this second question, as He had the first, so that he could report it to his people (cf. 3:16). He prepared himself for a discussion with the LORD about the situation, as well as for the LORD 's answer that he expected in a vision or dream (cf. Job 13:3; 23:4).

"… Habakkuk notes that the Chaldeans have been sent to reprove/correct the Judahites. Similarly he expects and deserves God's correction concerning his doubts and his understanding of the full scope of God's plans for the future."[71]

"Only by revelation can the genuine perplexities of God's dealings with human beings be comprehended."[72]

"Yahweh's response to those who inquire of him is never automatic. They must be willing to wait in order to hear 'what God the LORD will speak' (Ps. 85:9 [8])."[73]

"Oh, if we would only give God time, so that He might prepare our minds for what He has to say!"[74]

2:2             Yahweh did respond, and told the prophet to write a permanent, easy-to-read record of the vision—which He would give him—on tablets (of clay, stone, or metal; cf. Exod. 31:18; 32:15-16; Deut. 9:10; 27:8). The message was to be written, "that it may be plain to any, however occupied or in haste."[75] Having received and recorded the vision, Habakkuk, and other messengers, should then "run" to tell their fellow citizens what God's answer was.

"The matter was to be made so clear that whoever read it might run and publish it."[76]

"The effect should be not that he that runneth may read (as it is sometimes misquoted) but that he that readeth may run."[77]

"It [the interpretation of the LORD's command here] could involve passers-by, who will be able to read the message as they go by and then pass the message on informally to those they meet, or it could mean a herald, whose specific function will be to spread the message throughout the land (so NEB, NIV)."[78]

"Such a reader, and such a runner, was the apostle Paul. This verse is the key-note of his instruction to both saint and sinner. Having read the prophet's words with eyes anointed by the Holy Ghost, he runs the rest of his days to make them known to others."[79]

Another interpretation is that Habakkuk was to publish the writing so that the reader would know how to run (i.e., how to live according to God's will).[80]

2:3             The vision that Habakkuk was about to receive concerned events that would take place in the future. Though it was a prophecy that would not come to pass immediately, it would be fulfilled eventually. Habakkuk was to wait for its fulfillment, because it would indeed come at the LORD's appointed time (cf. Dan. 12:4).

"The words simply express the thought, that the prophecy is to be laid to heart by all the people on account of its great importance, and that not merely in the present, but in the future also."[81]

"Just as, in human life, the timing of certain actions and events is of crucial importance, so it is also in the divine scheme of things. … The apparent lack of divine action, which may cause faith to falter, is in reality only our inability to perceive the timing of divine action."[82]

The writer of the Book of Hebrews quoted this verse (Heb. 10:37). He used it to encourage his readers to persevere in their commitment to Jesus Christ, since what God had predicted will eventually come to pass—which in the context of Hebrews will be the Lord Jesus' return.

2.     The LORD's indictment of Babylon 2:4-5

Having prepared the prophet for His answer, the LORD now gave it. What follows is that revelation.

"Habakkuk now is told the basic guiding principles upon which the operation of divine government unalterably proceeds until the coming of that final appointed time."[83]

"Habakkuk's indictments remind one of those brought by Nahum against Nineveh."[84]

2:4             Babylon was not right in doing what she did, but was puffed up with pride and evil passions. In contrast, the righteous person will live by his faith (cf. Gen. 15:6). By implication, Babylon, the unrighteous one, would not live, because she did not live by faith (trust in God), but by sight and might. She sought to gratify her ambitions by running over other people rather than by submitting to God's sovereignty.

"A proud person relies on self, power, position, and accomplishment; a righteous person relies on the Lord."[85]

"Spiritually, morally, and ethically the ungodly presumptuously ignore the path of God's righteousness to follow the way of selfish desires in the everyday decisions of life."[86]

"The source of all sin was and is pride."[87]

This verse appears three times in the New Testament. Paul quoted it in Romans 1:17 and emphasized "righteous." Faith in God results in righteousness for both Jews and Gentiles. He used it again in Galatians 3:11 but to stress "live." Rather than obtaining new life by obeying the Mosaic Law, the righteous person does so by faith. In Galatians, Paul was mainly addressing Gentiles. The writer of Hebrews also quoted this verse, in Hebrews 10:38, but his emphasis was on "faith." It is faith that God will reward in the righteous. In Hebrews, the original readers were primarily Jews. In all three cases, "live" has the broader reference to eternal life, but here in Habakkuk, it is mainly physical life that is in view. Thus, this verse is clearly a very important revelation in the Bible—even its essential message.

"It takes three books to explain and apply this one verse!"[88]

This is the key verse in Habakkuk, because it summarizes the difference between the proud Babylonians and their destruction, with the humble faith of the Israelites and their deliverance. The issue is trust in God.

"'The just shall live by his faith' was the watchword of the Reformation, and they may well be the seven most important monosyllables in all of church history."[89]

"Faith may … be defined to be the persuasion of the truth founded on testimony. The faith of the Christian is the persuasion of the truth of the facts and doctrines recorded in the Scriptures on the testimony of God."[90]

"The underlying theme of the book may be summarized as follows: A matured faith trusts humbly but persistently in God's design for establishing righteousness in the earth."[91]

Bruce stated the theme of the book as "the preservation of loyal trust in God in face of the challenge to faith presented by the bitter experience of foreign invasion and oppression."[92]

The Hebrew word 'emunah, faith, can also mean faithful or steadfast. It can also mean integrity.[93] Did the Lord mean that the righteous will live by his trust in God or by being faithful to God: by being a person of integrity? Scripture elsewhere reveals that both meanings are true: trust and integrity. However, in this context faith or trust seems to be the primary meaning, since the Babylonians did not trust Yahweh, whereas the Israelites did—though imperfectly. Both the Babylonians and the Israelites, though, had been unfaithful (disloyal or disobedient) to God.

"The discrepancy between 'faith' and 'faithfulness' is more apparent than real, however. For man to be faithful in righteousness entails dependent trust in relation to God (e.g., 1 Sam 26:23-24); such an attitude is clearly demanded in the present context of waiting for deliverance (2:3; 3:16-19)."[94]

"The summons is from speculation to action, from questioning to conduct, from brooding to duty. God is attending to His business, and Habakkuk must attend to his. Running the universe is not his task. That burden belongs to God. But Habakkuk has his task, and let him faithfully perform it. Thus he will live in moral sincerity and in moral security that righteous living brings in the midst of external calamities. That is the way for a righteous man to live in an evil world."[95]

"This is the first of three wonderful assurances that God gives in this chapter to encourage His people. This one emphasizes God's grace, because grace and faith always go together. Habakkuk 2:14 emphasizes God's glory and assures us that, though this world is now filled with violence and corruption (Gen. 6:5, 11-13), it shall one day be filled with God's glory. The third assurance is in Habakkuk 2:20 and emphasizes God's government. Empires may rise and fall, but God is on His holy throne, and He is King of Kings and Lord of Lords."[96]

2:5             The LORD advanced the thought of verse 4 further. When a person drinks too much wine, it leads him (or her) to reveal his pride publicly. Here, the arrogant man is a personification of Babylon. The Babylonians were known for their consumption of wine (e.g., Dan. 5). Wine makes a person dissatisfied with his present situation and possessions, and he often leaves his home to find more elsewhere (cf. Prov. 23:31-32).

The proud person is never satisfied—like death that consumes people every day and never stops. Here, Sheol (the grave) is a personification of death, in which Habakkuk ascribed human actions to an inanimate object. Babylon was similar, opening wide its jaws to consume all peoples. The proud person also seeks to dominate others, and this, too, marked Babylon. These were the evidences of Babylon's pride, and the basis for Yahweh's indictment of this nation (cf. 1:17).

"The lusts of the flesh, the lusts of the eye, and the pride of life, are snares; and we find him that led Israel captive, himself led captive by each of these."[97]

"Sheol is, in the O.T., the place to which the dead go. (1) Often, therefore, it is spoken of as the equivalent of the grave, where all human activities cease; the terminus toward which all human life moves (e.g. Gen. 42:38; Job 14:13; Ps. 88:3). (2) To the man 'under the sun,' the natural man, who of necessity judges from appearances, sheol seems no more than the grave—the end and total cessation, not only of the activities of life, but also of life itself (Eccl. 9:5, 10). But (3) Scripture reveals sheol as a place of sorrow (2 Sam. 22:6; Ps. 18:5; 116:3), into which the wicked are turned (Ps. 9:17), and where they are fully conscious (Isa. 14:9-17; Ezek. 32:21). Compare Jon. 2:2; what the belly of the great fish was to Jonah, sheol is to those who are therein. The sheol of the O.T. and hades of the N.T. are identical."[98]

3.     The LORD's sentence on Babylon 2:6-20

The LORD pronounced taunts (mocking statements) on the Babylonians, announcing that they would receive judgment for their sins. This taunt song consists of five stanzas of three verses each. Five woes follow. Baker entitled them "the pillager," "the plotter," "the promoter of violence," "the debaucher," and "the pagan idolator [sic]."[99] Each woe is "an interjection of distress pronounced in the face of disaster or in view of coming judgment (cf. Isa. 3:11; 5:11; 10:5; et al.)."[100]

Judgment for exploitation 2:6-8

2:6             Because of the Babylonians' sins, it was inevitable that the righteous would ridicule them. They would pronounce "woe" on them for increasing what was not theirs just to have more, and for making themselves rich by charging exorbitant interest on loans. Gaining wealth by oppression and fraud are especially in view.[101] How long would this go on?—they asked themselves (cf. 1:2). When would God judge Babylon?

"… the ode is prophetical in its nature, and is applicable to all times and all nations."[102]

2:7             Those from whom Babylon had stolen would surely rise up and rebel when they woke up to what was going on. Then they would turn the tables and Babylon would become plunder for them. This happened when the Medes and Persians rose up and overthrew Babylon in 539 B.C.

2:8             Babylon would suffer the same punishment that it had inflicted on other nations (cf. Prov. 22:8; Gal. 6:7). Its survivors would loot it because it had looted many other peoples. Babylon's pillaging had involved human bloodshed and violence—done to the land of Canaan and to the city of Jerusalem and its inhabitants.

Judgment for self-exaltation 2:9-11

2:9             Babylon used its unjust acquisitions to build a secure government for itself that it thought would be safe from all calamity (cf. Gen. 11:4; see also Obad.).[103] It built a strong and rich dynasty ("household") so it would be self-sufficient. Another interpretation is that the secure "nest" in view is the capital city rather than the household of the rulers.[104]

Saving to protect oneself from large future expenses is not wrong in itself (Prov. 21:20), but to build a fortune so one will not have to trust in God is saving with the wrong attitude (cf. James 5:1-6).

2:10           It was shameful for the Babylonians to destroy many other peoples (cf. vv. 5, 8). By doing so they were sinning against themselves. That is, they were doing something that would eventually bring destruction on themselves.

2:11           The stones and woodwork, taken from other nations to build the Babylonians' fortresses and palaces, would serve as visual witnesses to the sinful invasions that brought these building material to Babylon. They would testify to the guilt of the Babylonians in the day that Yahweh would bring Babylon to judgment.

Judgment for oppression 2:12-14

2:12           The Babylonians could expect distress because they had built their cities at the expense of the lives of their enemies (cf. Mic. 3:10). We speak of "blood money" as money obtained by making others suffer, even shedding their blood. Babylon was built with "blood money" and the blood, sweat, and tears of enslaved people. It was a town founded on injustice, and without injustice it could not have become what it had become.

"Although the prophet refers to the construction of a city, his language is probably metaphorical for the construction of an empire."[105]

2:13           This verse is the center of this taunt song structurally. It is significant that it focuses on the LORD of armies: the Judge and Executioner. His assessment was that the Babylonians' hard work was in vain; all their labor would amount to nothing. Their works would turn out to be fuel for fire that would burn them up: the fire of His judgment (cf. Jer. 51:58).

2:14           Rather than the earth being filled with the glory of Babylon, it will one day be filled with the knowledge of God's glory, as comprehensively as the waters cover the sea (cf. Num. 14:21; Ps. 72:19; Isa. 6:3; 11:9; Jer. 31:34). This has yet to be. This prediction refers to the ultimate destruction of Babylon in the eschatological (far distant) future (cf. Rev. 16:19—18:24).

The Babylon in view in the Book of Habakkuk was mainly the Neo-Babylonian Empire, but ever since Babel (Gen. 11:1-9), the name Babylon had a symbolic meaning as well as a literal one. Symbolically, it represented all ungodly peoples who rose up, in self-reliance, to glorify themselves and reach heaven by their own works. God destroyed the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 B.C., but what Babylon represents will continue until God destroys it—when Jesus Christ returns to the earth to set up His new order on earth in the Millennium (cf. Rev. 17—18).

Judgment for aggressive greed 2:15-17

2:15           God would judge Babylon because the Babylonians had deceived their neighbor nations, with the result that they were able to take advantage of them. The Babylonians had behaved like a man who gets a woman drunk so she will lose her self-control, and he can then undress her. That the Babylonians took advantage of their victims sexually is implied in the illustration, as is their love for wine.

2:16           As they had made their neighbors drunk, so the LORD would give them a cup of judgment that would make them drunk. Yahweh's right hand is a figure (an anthropomorphism) for His strong personal retribution: giving back in kind what the person being judged had given (cf. Isa. 51:17-23; Jer. 25:15-17; Lam. 4:21; Matt. 20:22; 26:42; 1 Cor. 11:29). Having swallowed the cup's contents, the Babylonians would disgrace themselves, rather than honoring and glorifying themselves as they did presently.

Babylon's future disgrace contrasts with Yahweh's future glory (v. 14). They would expose their own nakedness, just as they had exposed the nakedness of others (v. 15). The Hebrew text is graphic and literally reads, "Drink, yes you, and expose your foreskin," namely, show yourself to be uncircumcised. Nakedness involves vulnerability as well as shame (cf. Gen. 9:21-25). The LORD pictured Babylon as a contemptible, naked drunk who had lost his self-control and the respect of everyone, including himself.

2:17           Babylon's violence (ethical and moral injustice) would come back to overwhelm him, because he had rapaciously stripped Lebanon of its vegetation and animals. However, bloodshed in Lebanon's main town, and the slaughter of its inhabitants, was an even more serious crime. Lebanon is probably a synecdoche for all Israel, as it is elsewhere (cf. 2 Kings 14:9; Jer. 22:6, 23), and "the town" most likely refers to Jerusalem.[106]

"The Creator of the world has a concern for what is nowadays called ecology; the cultural mandate that he has given to the human race includes the responsible stewardship of plant and animal life."[107]

Judgment for idolatry 2:18-20

2:18           Habakkuk, like other prophets, saw through the folly of idolatry and exposed it (cf. Isa. 41:7; 44:9-20; 45:16, 20; 46:1-2, 6-7; Jer. 10:8-16). An idol, carved by human hands, cannot help its maker, because anyone who creates something is always greater than his or her creation. Images in fact become teachers of falsehood, since their existence implies a lie, namely, that they can help humans. An idol-carver trusts in his own handiwork. Idols cannot even speak, much less provide help (cf. Rom. 1:22-25).

"Modern people in their sophistications may regard themselves as free from the obvious folly of idolatry. What educated, self-respecting person would be deluded into expecting special powers to emanate from the form of an antiquated Idol? Yet the new covenant Scriptures make it plain that covetousness is idolatry (Eph. 5:5). Whenever a person's desire looks to the creature rather than the Creator, he is guilty of the same kind of foolishness. An insatiable desire for things not rightly possessed assumes that things can satisfy rather than God himself. Whenever a person sets his priorities on the things made rather than on the Maker of things, he is guilty of idolatry."[108]

"Famous people are the 'idols' of millions, especially politicians, athletes, wealthy tycoons, and actors and actresses. Even dead entertainers like Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, and Elvis Presley still have their followers. People may also worship and serve man-made things like cars, houses, boats, jewelry, and art. While all of us appreciate beautiful and useful things, it's one thing to own them and quite something else to be owned by them. Albert Schweitzer said, 'Anything you have that you cannot give away, you do not really own; it owns you.' I've met people who so idolize their children and grandchildren that they refused to let them consider giving their lives for Christian service."[109]

"Social position can be an idol and so can vocation achievement. For some people, their god is their appetite (Phil. 3:19; Rom. 16:18); and they live only to experience carnal pleasures [including following their favorite sports?]. Intellectual ability can be a terrible idol (2 Cor. 10:5) as people worship their IQ and refuse to submit to God's Word."[110]

"Idolatry begins with deception, encourages deception, and calls for a commitment to deception (see Is. 44:20)."[111]

2:19           The LORD pronounced "woe" on those who ignorantly tried to coax their mute idols—wood or stone, perhaps overlaid with gold or silver—to speak (cf. 1 Kings 18:26-29). No matter what they looked like, or what material they were made out of, they were still only lifeless objects of art. How foolish it was to look to one of these as one's teacher or guide!

2:20           In contrast to lifeless idols stands the living and true God. Yahweh lived in His heavenly, holy temple, not in the works of human hands.

"He does not lie hid under gold and silver, as the idols of Babylon [v. 19], but reigns in heaven and fills heaven, and thence succors His people."[112]

Therefore all the earth, everything in it, should be quiet before Him out of respect and awe (fear; cf. v. 1; 3:16). There is no need to try and coax Him to come to life or to speak (cf. v. 19).

"This contrasts with the frenetic activity of man to create 'speaking' gods, and the tumultuous cries of worshippers to make dumb idols respond [cf. 1 Kings 18:26]. Lifeless idols approached in clamour [sic] are silent, while the living God, approached in silence and reverence, speaks."[113]

"Because the idolatry that leads to the neglect and rejection of God is a universal problem, all the earth is to be silent before the living God."[114]

"Idolatry is essentially the worship of that which we make, rather than of our Maker. And that which we make may be found in possessions, a home, a career, an ambition, a family, or a multitude of other people or things. We 'worship' them when they become the focal point of our lives, that for which we live. And as the goal and centre [sic] of human existence, they are as foolish as any wooden idol or metal image."[115]

The implication of Yahweh's majestic sovereignty is that He would take care of Babylon; the Israelites did not have to concern themselves with that (cf. 3:16).

"God sometimes uses evil people to accomplish His larger purpose in life. But He never condones evil, and those who do evil He holds accountable for their actions."[116]

"The verse provides a bridge to the next major section of the prophecy in that it turns to the positive, looking at God, after the negative, attention to Babylon's sin."[117]

Patterson summarized Habakkuk's five woes in a chart:[118]

III.     Habakkuk's hymn in praise of Yahweh ch. 3

Having received the revelation that Yahweh would destroy Babylon, Habakkuk could understand that He was just in using that wicked nation to discipline Israel. Babylon would not go free but would perish for her sins. Israel's punishment, on the other hand, was only temporary (cf. 2 Sam. 7:16). This insight led Habakkuk to write the prayer of praise that concludes the book. It is "one of the most moving statements of faith and trust found in Scripture."[119]

"it [the Book of Habakkuk] begins with a sob, and ends with a song …"[120]

"The prayer of the prophet, in the strictest sense of the word, is contained in the words of verse 2. The rest is, in its form, praise and thanksgiving, chiefly for God's past mercies in the deliverance from Egypt and the entering into the promised land. But thanksgiving is an essential part of prayer, and Hannah is said to have prayed, whereas the hymn which followed is throughout one thanksgiving [1 Sam. 2:1]."[121]

This hymn is similar in language and imagery to Deuteronomy 33, Psalm 18:4-19, and Psalm 68. Its structure is chiastic, as indicated by the headings below.[122]

A.     The introduction to the hymn 3:1

Habakkuk's prayer is hymn-like in form, like many of the psalms (cf. Ps. 16; 30; 45; 88; 102; 142), and it apparently stood apart from the rest of the book at one time, as this title verse suggests. Shigionoth may be the title of the tune that the prophet, and later Israelites, used when they sang this song. But the Hebrew word is the plural form of the same word used in the title of Psalm 7, but nowhere else. Shiggaion evidently means a poem with intense feeling: "a reeling song, i.e. a song delivered in the greatest excitement, or with a rapid change of emotion."[123] If this meaning is correct, the Israelites were to sing it enthusiastically. The intense feeling, in both contexts where the word occurs, is a strong desire for justice against sin.

B.     The prayer for revival 3:2

The prophet acknowledged that he had received the LORD's revelation (cf. 2:1). It was essentially a revelation of Yahweh: His justice, sovereignty, and power, and it had filled him with awe. Reception of divine revelation resulted in the fear of the LORD, as it always should.

Habakkuk called on God to stir up ("revive") the work that He said that He would do in judging Babylon, namely, to bring it to pass.[124] He asked God to make it known to His people "in the midst of the years," namely, the years between Judah's judgment and Babylon's judgment (cf. 2:6-20). God undoubtedly did this in part through the Book of Habakkuk. While God was preparing Babylon for the outpouring of His wrath, Habakkuk asked Him to remember Israel by extending mercy to her—by shortening the period of her suffering. This verse contains the only petitions in Habakkuk's prayer: that God would preserve life, provide understanding, and remember mercy. Some readers have seen it as an encapsulation of the book's message. It also expresses the theme of this psalm.[125]

"This great nation of ours needs the mercy of God today."[126]

C.     The vision of God 3:3-15

Habakkuk moved from petition to praise in his prayer. He recalled God's great power and mercy in bringing the Israelites from Egypt, through the wilderness, and into the Promised Land. Since God had done this, Habakkuk was confident that He could and would deliver the Israelites from the Babylonians and reestablish them in the land.

In this section of text, Habakkuk reflected on God's activity on behalf of Israel in the past. It is similar to some of the historical psalms, in which the psalmist reviewed Israel's history.

1.     Yahweh's awesome appearance 3:3-7

3:3             The prophet pictured Yahweh as rising over His people, like the rising sun appeared to rise over Teman, a large town in Edom, and over Mt. Paran, the mountain opposite Teman (cf. Deut. 33:2-4). These locations were to the east of the Israelites as they exited Egypt. The idea is not that the LORD would rise over these eastern places, but that when He arose over His people, they would see Him like they saw the sun rising in the east from Mt Sinai when He gave them the Law.[127] Another view is that "Teman and Mount Paran are named probably, as the two opposed boundaries of the journeyings of Israel through the desert."[128]

The name for God used here, Elohim ("God"), is in the singular—Eloah—perhaps stressing the essential unity of God who is "the Holy One." Selah is another musical notation meaning "to lift up" (cf. vv. 9, 13). It probably indicates a place where the singers of this song were to pause. This pause may have been to modulate the key upward, to increase the volume, to reflect on what was just said, to exalt the LORD in some other way, or to raise an instrumental fanfare.[129]

The Holy One's splendor covered the heavens like the sun after sunrise. The self-manifestation of His glory filled the earth with His praise. Splendor (Heb. hod) describes primarily kingly authority (e.g., Num. 27:20; 1 Chron. 29:25; et al.), and here it has particular reference to Yahweh's sovereignty over creation and history. This is evidently a description of the LORD's appearance on Mt. Sinai to the Israelites' forefathers. Moses used similar terms to describe His coming then (cf. Deut. 33:2).

3:4             The radiance of the Holy One's glory was like the sunlight. Power seemed to flash from His fingertips like rays (lit. horns) of light stretch from the rising sun (cf. Exod. 34:29-30, 35). In spite of this, most of His power remained concealed.

3:5             As God moves through the earth, like the sun, He burns up what is in front of Him and chars what He leaves behind. Pestilence (lit. burning heat) and plague (i.e., devastation) are the accompaniments, the results and evidences of His searing holiness. The NASB translators rendered two Hebrew words "plague."

"Plague and pestilence, as proceeding from God, are personified and represented as satellites; the former going before Him as it were, as a shieldbearer (1 Sam. xvii. 7), or courier (2 Sam. xv. 1); the latter coming after Him as a servant (1 Sam. xxv. 42)."[130]

"In the ancient Near East, important people were accustomed to being accompanied by attendants (cf. 1 Sa. 17:7; 2 Sa. 15:1)."[131]

3:6             Standing like the sun at its zenith, God surveyed the whole earth. His downward look, like sunrays, caused the nations to tremble. His glance was enough to make the permanent mountains shatter and the ancient hills collapse. He always causes these repercussions since His ways are eternal. What a contrast He is to lifeless idols (cf. 2:18-19)!

3:7             Habakkuk saw the semi-nomadic Ethiopians and Midianites, who lived on both sides of Mt. Sinai, trembling with fear, because they witnessed something of Yahweh's power. The terms Midianite and Cushite both described Moses' wife (Exod. 2:16-22; 18:1-5; Num. 12:1), so they may be synonymous here as well. Perhaps this is a reference to Yahweh parting the Red Sea. It is small wonder that these people trembled, since His glance can also cause mountains to melt (v. 6).

2.     Yahweh's angry actions 3:8-15

Habakkuk now changed from describing the revelation of God in Israel's earlier history, and various reactions to it, to a description of His acts on the earth.

"From start to finish, Israel's God is shown to be the victor over all individuals and nations and the champion of those who follow in His train."[132]

3:8             With rhetorical questions, Habakkuk affirmed that Yahweh was not angry with the (Nile and Jordan) rivers and the (Red) sea when He altered them. Another view is that the rivers refer to the rivers of the earth generally, and the sea refers to all the seas (cf. Nah. 1:4; Ps. 89:10; Job 38:8).[133] He was demonstrating His power for the salvation of His people, as a Divine Warrior riding His chariot.

"In Canaanite mythology, Baal had confronted the personified god Yam (sea), alternatively called Judge River. Israel borrowed this motif but dropped any idea that natural phenomena are personified deities. Yahweh is presented as having engaged in combat with the sea at creation or at other unspecified periods (cf. Jb. 26:12-13; Pss. 29; 89:9-10)."[134]

"The horses and chariots of salvation upon which the Lord is pictured as riding are not the angels, but the elements—the clouds and the winds. See Psalm 104:4."[135]

3:9             Yahweh pulled His powerful bow out, and prepared to use it. He summoned many arrows to shoot at His enemies (cf. Deut. 32:40-42). This is a notoriously difficult phrase to translate.

"God had enlisted weapons and pledged them on oath for the destruction of his enemies."[136]

"In the ancient Near East, warriors would sometimes empower their weapons with a magical formula. The Lord is depicted here as doing the same (see also Jer. 47:6-7)." [137]

"Selah." Think of that!

The prophet envisioned the rivers as God's instruments in dividing portions of the earth.

3:10           Habakkuk personified the mountains and described them as shaking when they saw the LORD. Torrential rainstorms that resulted in flooding swept by Him (cf. Gen. 7:11, 19-20). The sea lifted up its waves, like hands, in response to His command (cf. Ps. 77:15-17, 19).

3:11           The sun and moon stood still at His word (cf. Josh. 10:12-13), and they paled when He sent forth flashes of lightning like arrows and shining spears (cf. Deut. 32:23, 42). Another view is that the arrows and spear do not refer to lightning, but simply to God's agents of judgment generally.[138]

3:12           The LORD had marched throughout the earth like a cosmic Warrior subduing Israel's enemies. He had trampled hostile nations like an ox does when it treads grain. Verses 12 through 15 view God's power as seen by His peoples' enemy.[139]

3:13           Yahweh had gone forth like a Warrior to save His people and to deliver His anointed one. This may refer to Moses in his battles with Israel's enemies, or it may refer to a coming anointed one: Cyrus (cf. Isa. 45:1), or Messiah (cf. Ps. 2:2; Dan. 9:26),[140] or the Davidic kings generally, or more than one of these.

"If the reference be to a past event (as a pattern) in [']the head out of the house of the wicked['] man, then allusion may be to one of the kings of Canaan. However, if the prophet is speaking of the future, and this is the more probable, then the king of the Chaldeans is meant."[141]

"The first half of the verse provides the key to understanding the relationship of this chapter to the rest of the book. Rather than ignoring wrongdoing (1:2-4), or allowing oppression of his people to go unpunished (1:12-17), God remembers his covenant and acts on their behalf. The whole purpose of the psalm and of God's theophany is to indicate the continued presence of gracious care coupled with divine judgment. Here we have God's answer to Habakkuk's complaints (1:12-17)—his people will be saved."[142]

The LORD had also destroyed the leaders ("smashed the head") of many evil nations ("the house of evil") that opposed the Israelites, beginning with Pharaoh. He had disabled their nations as thoroughly as if someone had slit a body open from bottom to top, or tore a building off its foundation. "Foot to neck" is literally "foundation."

"As the [']head of the house' means the prince, so the 'foundation' means the general host of the enemy."[143]

"Selah." In the future, God would do surely do this to the Chaldean dynasty.

3:14           The LORD used His enemies' own weapons to kill their leaders in retribution (cf. Judg. 5:26). Israel's enemies had stormed into the Promised Land with great enthusiasm in order to scatter God's people, like those who devour oppressed people in secret.

"The enemies are compared to highway murderers, who lurk in dark corners for the defenseless traveller [sic], and look forward with rejoicing for the moment when they may be able to murder him."[144]

3:15           Yahweh had trodden down the Red Sea, as though He rode through it on cosmic horses, causing it to surge away and leave a dry road for His people to travel out of Egypt (cf. v. 8). This section closes with the motif with which it opened (3:8), namely, the crossing of the Red Sea.

D.     The commitment to faith 3:16-19a

3:16           Habakkuk trembled all over as he waited for the day of Babylon's invasion of Judah: the day of her distress. He could do nothing but wait patiently for the Babylonians to grow stronger and for judgment to come on Israel. It is a terrible feeling to know that calamity is coming and that one can do nothing to prevent it.

But Habakkuk could endure this prospect because he remembered that the omnipotent God of Israel had consistently defended His chosen people in the past—and had promised to do so in the future. Earlier when the prophet heard about the powerful Babylonians, he wanted to talk with God (2:1). But now, having been reminded of Yahweh's power and faithfulness, he had nothing more to say (cf. Job 42:1-6). God would handle the Babylonians. All Habakkuk had to do was wait and trust.

"Over the years, I've often leaned on three verses that have helped me wait patiently on the Lord. 'Stand still' (Ex. 14:13), 'Sit still' (Ruth 3:18), and 'Be still' (Ps. 46:10). Whenever we find ourselves getting 'churned up' within, we can be sure that we need to stop, pray, and wait on the Lord before we do some stupid thing."[145]

3:17-18      Even though everything would get worse in Judah, Habakkuk determined to praise Yahweh and to rejoice in the God who would save him (cf. Ps. 18:46; 25:5; Phil. 4:4, 10-19).

"The words 'rejoice' and 'exult' each have the cohorative [sic cohortative: "I will"] attached. This is the strongest possible way to say that one is determined to rejoice in the Lord regardless of what does or does not happen. Faith means loving and serving God regardless of circumstances."[146]

"The literal is, 'I will jump for joy in the Lord; I will spin round for delight in God.' Here is the hilarity of faith!—joy at its best with circumstances at their worst! What a victory! May it be ours!"[147]

The prophet pictured the worst of circumstances by using a variety of rural metaphors drawn from plant and animal life. Taken together they have the effect of saying that no matter what bad thing may happen, Habakkuk, and hopefully all Israel, would trust God. Even though the prophet felt weak physically, he was strong in faith spiritually. Thus he would live (cf. 2:4). Many of these bad conditions did typify Judah when the Babylonians overthrew the nation (cf. Lam. 2:12, 20; 4:4, 9-10; 5:17-18).

"It is right and proper to voice appreciation of God's goodness when he bestows all that is necessary for life, health, and prosperity. But when these things are lacking, to rejoice in God for his own sake is evidence of pure faith."[148]

3:19a          "The Lord God" (Sovereign Yahweh), Habakkuk's master and God, was the source of his strength, even though the prophet's legs shook (v. 16). He enabled His servant to walk through the perilous valley he faced—as sure-footedly as the hoofs of a deer enabled it to navigate precipices (cf. Deut. 32:13; 33:29; 2 Sam. 22:34; Ps. 18:32-33, 39).

This statement of strong confidence sharply contrasts with the prophet's doubts and fears from which he spoke at the beginning of this book (1:2-4). A revelation from God, and Habakkuk's decision to believe what God revealed, turned his attitude around.

"Habakkuk was about to 'go under' when he started this book. Destruction, violence, strife, conflict, injustice, and wickedness were all he could see. But he cried out to God and his cry did not go unheeded. The Lord not only answered his complaint but also provided the confidence needed to lift him from the quagmire. Habakkuk started in the pits, but ended on the mountaintop. His journey was not exactly an easy one, but it was certainly worth it."[149]

"In a world in which sometimes there is unjust, undeserved suffering, the prophet understood that God's plan is bigger than merely his own life. And therefore he was willing to commit his life to the Lord and to keep on trusting."[150]

Essential elements in true prayer that are obvious in Habakkuk's prayer include humility, adoration, and petition.[151]

E.     The concluding musical notation 3:19b

A final footnote to this book gives direction to the choir director, who used this chapter as part of Israel's formal worship. Habakkuk specified the use of stringed instruments to accompany the singing, undoubtedly because they set the proper mood.

The book opened with a dialogue between Habakkuk and Yahweh, in which the prophet vented his fears and the LORD responded in love (ch. 1). Then it proceeded to a dirge, in which the LORD explained the wickedness of the instrument that He would use to judge Judah: the Babylonians, He and promised their ultimate destruction (ch. 2). It closes with a doxology, in which Habakkuk praised God and recommitted himself to faith in, and faithfulness to, Yahweh—as he anticipated hard times to come (ch. 3).

"Habakkuk teaches us to face our doubts and questions honestly, take them humbly to the Lord, wait for His Word to teach us, and then worship Him no matter how we feel or what we see."[152]

This book can be a great help to people who are discouraged about their present circumstances, and/or can see nothing good coming in the future. It helps us adjust our attitude from one of pessimism, and even despair, to optimism and rejoicing. The crucial issue is whether we will listen to God and believe Him, namely, whether we will exercise faith.

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